Geological evidence of a planet‐wide groundwater system on Mars

figure-1[Ed. note: Earlier reports about this research here and here.]

Planetary Geomorphology Image of the Month, July 1, 2019: Francesco Salese (Utrecht University).

Groundwater had a greater role in shaping the Martian surface and may have sheltered primitive life forms as the planet started drying up. Observations in the northern hemisphere show evidence of a planet‐wide groundwater system. The elevations of these water‐related morphologies in all studied basins lie within the same narrow range of depths below Mars datum (Image 1) and notably coincide with the elevation of some ocean shorelines proposed by previous authors. Most previous studies on Mars relevant groundwater have proposed models, but few have looked at the geological evidence of groundwater upwelling in deep closed basins in the northern hemisphere equatorial region. Geological evidence of groundwater upwelling in these deep basins is a key point that will help to validate present-day models and to better constraint them in the future. [More at links]

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ExoMars 2020: Progress and challenges

ESA_ExoMars2020_parachute_sequence_1280The full parachute system that will help deliver the ExoMars rover and a surface science platform to the martian surface has completed a full-scale high-altitude deployment sequence test, although unexpected damage to the main parachutes occurred.

Meanwhile, the main elements of the descent module hardware, including the heat shield that will protect the lander as it enters the atmosphere of Mars, have been delivered to Thales Alenia Space in Turin, Italy, this week. The European carrier spacecraft that will carry the mission from Earth to Mars, and the Russian landing platform named Kazachok already arrived in Italy earlier this year. The rover, named Rosalind Franklin, is currently being fitted with hardware and its scientific payload in Stevenage, UK. Once fully integrated, the hardware will be tested to ensure it is ready for the journey to space, and operations on Mars.

As part of the planned upcoming testing, the parachute system will be adjusted to address a problem observed in the most recent high-altitude drop test, conducted on 28 May at the Swedish Space Corporation Esrange facility in Kiruna.

The descent module needs two parachutes – each with its own pilot chute for extraction – to help slow the craft prior to landing. Following separation of the parachutes, the speed must be suitable for the braking engines to safely deliver the landing platform and the rover onto the surface of Mars. The entire sequence from atmospheric entry to landing takes just six minutes… [More at link]

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Latest weather at Gale Crater and Elysium Planitia

Daily Elysium charts and data (temperature, wind speed, atmospheric pressure) here.

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CRISM: Polyhydrates, sulfates, gypsum, and Fe silicates at a Sisyphi Montes dome

7AE6The Sisyphi Montes are a series of large semicircular mountains in Sisyphi Planum, a volcanic province on Mars located between the south polar terrains, Argyre, and Hellas basins. In this CRISM scene we observe polyhydrated sulfates (magenta), gypsum (blue), and crystalline Fe silicates (white/green) surrounding the top of a dome in the Sisyphi Montes. These findings strongly suggest that the volcanoes in the Sisyphi Montes were formed subglacially. Subglacial eruptions are highly habitable environments with good biosignature preservation potential… [More at link]

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Curiosity update: Climbing higher

NLB_614914027EDR_F0761384NCAM00294M_-br2Sols 2451-53, June 28, 2019, update by MSL scientist Roger Wiens: Curiosity has been a bit down lately — in elevation. After exploring the top of Vera Rubin Ridge (VRR) last year, the rover descended into a trough south of the ridge, dropping as much as 15 meters in elevation this spring to explore part of the clay-bearing unit. Curiosity is now back to the highest elevation that it achieved before it left the ridge, about -4140 meters relative to the reference level representing zero elevation on Mars. The image shows the rim of the crater once again visible above Vera Rubin Ridge. Curiosity will continue to climb higher as it explores the rest of the Glen Torridon and then moves on to the sulfate unit and Greenheugh Pediment. [More at link]

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HiRISE: Transition

ESP_055220_1430Transition. This image shows where a fluvial channel changes from a depression to an inverted high standing channel in Terra Sirenum. That change likely marks the spot where the material was possibly elevated and more resistant to erosion.

HiRISE Picture of the Day archive. [More at links]

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THEMIS: Arsia Mons faults, graben, and pit craters

Pits and graben on Arsia Mons (THEMIS_IOTD_20190701)THEMIS Image of the Day, July 1, 2019. Today’s VIS image is located on the lower flank of Arsia Mons. The linear features are tectonic faults. The lava flows originating from Arsia Mons are among the youngest on the surface of Mars.

Explore more THEMIS Images of the Day by geological subject.

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Curiosity update: ‘Badcall’ or a good call?

NRB_614913932EDR_F0761384NCAM00294M_-br2Sol 2450, June 28, 2019, update by MSL scientist Lauren Edgar: Curiosity is parked in front of a ridge-forming outcrop known as “Harlaw” in the Glen Torridon region, and the team had some fun with naming targets today. While planning contact science to investigate a rough, potentially nodular face of the outcrop, the Geology group decided to use the name “Badcall,” which definitely raised some eyebrows during the planning process. The target is actually named after Badcall Bay on Earth, which exposes some of the oldest rocks in Western Europe. So hopefully this observation turns out well! I was the SOWG Chair today, and it was a late slide sol… [More at link]

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Micrometeorites: Key nutrient source for Mars life?

figure_1[Editor’s note: From a paper by Andrew Tomkins and six co-authors recently published in the Journal of Geophysical Research.]

High survivability of micrometeorites on Mars: Sites with enhanced availability of limiting nutrients

• Micrometeorites are predicted to be far more abundant on Mars than on Earth
• Micrometeorites are concentrated in the residua of aeolian sediment removal, such as at bedrock cracks and gravel accumulations
• Micrometeorite accumulation sites are enriched in key nutrients for primitive microbes: reduced phosphorus, sulfur and iron

NASA’s exploration program has allowed the scientific community to demonstrate clearly that Mars had a watery past, so the search for life needs to move on to identifying the places where water and nutrients coincided.

We have investigated the relative abundance of micrometeorites on Mars compared to the Earth because these contain key nutrients that the earliest life forms on Earth used, and because their contained minerals can be used to investigate past atmospheric chemistry.

We suggest that micrometeorites should be far more abundant on the Martian surface than on Earth’s, and that wind-driven modification of sediments is expected to concentrate micrometeorites, and their contained nutrients, in gravel beds and cracks in exposed bedrock. [More at link]

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MAVEN webinar: Getting cozy with Mars

The MAVEN spacecraft has successfully completed an aerobraking campaign, lowering the highest altitude of the satellite’s orbit to better transmit data from present and future Martian rovers and landers, while continuing its observations of the Martian atmosphere.

In this MAVEN Outreach Webinar from June 26, 2019, Dale Theiling, MAVEN’s Science Operations Center manager at the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, describes the aerobraking process and provides an update on the mission. [More at link and here]

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